WHY THIS MATTERS IN BRIEF
As people wonder about the future of AI I wonder what happens when AI and humans merge …
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Imagine receiving – or being born with – a life sentence with no possibility of parole. The prison will be your own body. And in this prison, you may be electrically shocked into convulsions, or afflicted with bleeding in your brain, or gagged so you can’t speak, or shackled so you can’t move your arms or your legs, or even be denied light itself.
People enduring conditions such as seizures, strokes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and blindness don’t need to imagine any of that, because no matter how high their quality of life may be in numerous ways, they face those restrictions every day. In theory, Brain Machine Interfaces (BMIs) could be a pathway to “parole,” but according to Ken Shepard, one of the senior authors of the Nature Electronics paper “A wireless subdural-contained brain–computer interface with 65,536 electrodes and 1,024 channels,” current BMIs are no prison-break for most patients.
“Most implantable systems are built around a canister of electronics that occupies enormous volumes of space inside the body,” says Shepard, who led the project’s engineering, and is Lau Family Professor of Electrical Engineering, professor of biomedical engineering, and professor of neurological sciences at Columbia University.
But that doesn’t mean Shepard is offering no hope – far from it. Indeed, he’s on a team of researchers from the Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science and Stanford’s Enigma Project whose remarkable new BMI – the Biological Interface System to Cortex (BISC) – may offer permanent liberation.
As main clinical collaborator and Columbia assistant professor of neurological surgery Brett Youngerman explains, the BISC is a vast improvement for patients needing somatic relief that a BMI should be able to provide.
“The key to effective BMI devices is to maximize the information flow to and from the brain,” says Youngerman, “while making the device as minimally invasive in its surgical implantation as possible. BISC surpasses previous technology on both fronts.”
That’s because unlike those bulky canisters that Shepard described, the paper-thin BISC, says Youngerman, “can be inserted through a minimally invasive incision in the skull and slid directly onto the surface of the brain in the subdural space.” Even better, the BISC has neither wires nor brain-penetrating electrodes, an improvement that reduces “tissue reactivity and signal degradation over time.”
So, what’s the secret to BISC’s superior design? Semiconductors, a proven technology and manufacturing method which unlocks BISC’s future of mass production.
“Semiconductor technology has made this possible,” says Shepard, because semiconductors allow miniaturization that shrinks the processing might of computers from the volume of multiple bank vaults to size of a single wallet. “We are now doing the same for medical implantables, allowing complex electronics to exist in the body while taking up almost no space.”
Combining three semiconductor technologies onto one chip, the high-bandwidth yet wireless BISC is a BMI on a single silicon chip a mere 50 micrometers thick. With 65,536 electrodes, 1,024 recording channels, and 16,384 stimulation channels, the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit is less than a thousandth the volume of typical brain implants and, like a licked stamp, can curve to stick to almost any surface – in this case, that of the brain.
Because it’s so small and thin (even though it contains analogue components for recording and stimulation, plus a wireless power circuit and power management, a radio transceiver, and digital control electronics), the stamp-sized BISC can be implanted through a tiny opening in the skull. Its external relay station can connect the BISC to any computer with throughput of 100 Mbps, a hundred times greater than that of any rival wireless BMI.
Using AI models, the BISC decodes high-bandwidth recordings to identify body motion, sensory information, brain states, and even intent. As Shepard explains, “By integrating everything on one piece of silicon, we’ve shown how brain interfaces can become smaller, safer, and dramatically more powerful.”
